Use of Molt-Accelerating Compounds, Ecdysteroids, Analogs Thereof, and Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors for Controlling Termites

ABSTRACT

The subject invention relates in part to the oral administration of ecdysteroids for controlling subterranean termites. Preferred ecdysteroids for use according to the subject invention are ecdysone, certain ecdysone analogs, and 20-hydroxyecdysone, for example. In some preferred embodiments, one or more of these compounds is used in a termite bait in combination with one or more chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSI), such as hexaflumuron and/or noviflumuron. The subject invention also relates to mixtures comprising these two active ingredients. The ecdysteroid analog or molt-accelerating compound (MAC) typically induces a preliminary molting event in termite workers, which then allows the CSI to further disrupt the molt and cause mortality. The combination of these active ingredients, causing accelerated molting together with inhibition of chitin synthesis, is surprisingly shown herein to enhance activity against termites, as compared to either group of compounds alone.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser.No. 60/546,356, filed Feb. 19, 2004.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Subterranean termites most often enter structures from the surroundingsoil to feed on wood, or other cellulosic material, of the structure andits contents. If unchecked, termites can cause considerable damage. As aresult, efforts to erect physical or chemical barriers to prevent theentrance of termites into a structure or to exterminate the termitesafter they have invaded a structure have proven a considerable expenseto the public.

Subterranean termites construct an extensive foraging gallery beneaththe soil surface. A single colony may contain several million termiteswith foraging territory extending hundreds of feet (Su, N.Y., R. H.Scheffrahn [1988] Sociobiol. 14(2):353-359). Because subterraneantermites are cryptic creatures, their presence is not normally knownuntil after some damage, foraging tubes, or live termites (such asswarmers) are found.

Currently, there are two basic approaches for the control ofsubterranean termites: preventive control and remedial control. In someof the United States, it is mandatory that the soil underlying thefoundation of newly constructed buildings be pre-treated with apesticide (also referred to herein as termiticide) to prevent termiteinfestation. However, the barrier often loses its continuity, and thecurrently available soil termiticides tend to lose their biologicalactivity after a few years. Established termite colonies in the soil maythen invade the structure if additional chemical is not applied beneathand around the structure.

When a house or other building is infested by subterranean termites, oneoption is to introduce termiticide around a building foundation byinjection into soil underlying concrete foundations, drenching the soilsurrounding the building perimeter, or a combination of both. This typeof post-construction treatment is labor-intensive and may not adequatelyproduce a continuous barrier. Other remedial treatments include spottreatments such as dusting or injecting termiticides (such s arsenictrioxide) within the walls of the building.

Some toxicants that have less environmental effect and that showactivity against termites are known. However, prior to 1995, thesetoxicants were not used in conjunction with a method that efficientlyand efficaciously delivered the toxicant to a target pest.

The introduction of the first commercial termite bait system,SENTRICON®, in 1995 drastically changed subterranean termite controlpractices. Unlike prior treatments, a monitoring-baiting program such asSENTRICON® is capable of eliminating the entire colony. See WO 93/23998,U.S. Pat. No. 6,370,812, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,397,516. Because of thetarget-specific approach, only a few grams of hexaflumuron are needed toeliminate a colony that may contain several hundred thousand termites(Su 1994, J. Econ. Entomol. 87:389-397). Due to its low environmentalimpact, hexaflumuron was the first compound to be registered under EPA'sReduced Risk Pesticide Initiative. The SENTRICON® system was therecipient of EPA's Presidential Green Chemistry Award in 2000.

There remains a need for additional termite toxicants that have littleor no adverse environmental effects. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos.5,753,249; 6,214,364; and 5,558,862 relate to methods of controllinginsects by administering enzymes that disrupt ecdysteroid metabolicpathways.

Insects have an exoskeleton (made of mostly chitin and proteins) thatprotects them from external elements such as weather and naturalenemies. The external cuticle, however, has to be shed periodically forcontinuous growth. Endocrine products, most notably brain hormone,juvenile hormone, and ecdysone (FIG. 1A), are known to regulate insectmolting (Chapman 1976). Ecdysone is rapidly converted to20-hydroxyecdysone (or “20E,” FIG. 1B) following its release into theinsect hemolymph (Nation 2002). The presence of juvenile hormone (JH), asesquiterpenoid, ensures that insects retain the juvenile form (i.e. tomolt from a younger larval stage to the next larval stage). As insectsprogressively molt, JH concentration decreases and may even be totallyabsent at the last larval instar. In the absence of JH, a larva thenmolts into pupa or adult stage.

The effects of JH, its analogs (JHAs), and mimicries (JHMs) on termitesare well studied (Su and Scheffrahn 1990). JHAs and JHMs (referred to asjuvenoids) are known to produce excessive soldier termites whosefunction is for colony defense. Because the soldier caste has to be fedby workers, termite colonies contain optimal proportions of the soldiercaste (Wilson 1971, Haverty 1977). It has been proposed that juvenoids,which induce excessive soldier formation, may be used to disrupt theintegrity of a termite society, leading to the destruction of the entirecolony (Haverty 1977, Hrdy and Krecek 1972, Hrdy 1973). However, furtherstudies revealed that juvenoids are effective only against termitespecies with a lower natural soldier proportion, such as Reticulitermesspecies) (Su and Scheffrahn 1990). Coptotermes species, which have arelatively high proportion of soldiers, include an unusually largeproportion of economically important termites in the world (Su 2003).

One relatively recent development in subterranean termite control is theuse of termite baits containing chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs) suchas hexaflumuron or noviflumuron to eliminate the vast colony ofsubterranean termites (Su 1994, Su 2003). In order to eliminate anentire colony of termites, the active ingredient (AI) for a bait has tobe non-repellent, slow-acting, and its lethal time has to bedose-independent so that the AI is distributed throughout the colony bytermites before the onset of death (Su and Scheffrahn 1998). Insectgrowth regulators (IGRs) such as juvenoids and CSIs satisfy all thesethree requirements. However, many IGRs are species-specific (Su 2003).CSIs generally inhibit the biosynthesis of chitin, but its completeprocess remains poorly understood (Nation 2002).

U.S. Pat. No. 6,093,415 relates to synergistic effects between juvenoidinsecticides and CSIs in termite baits. Ecdysone and analogs thereof arenot mentioned.

While juvenoids and CSIs are well investigated for their potentials fortermite control, limited information is available for even the normalfunction of ecdysone in termites. Lüscher and Karson (1958) and Lüscher(1960), while trying to determine the role, if any, that ecdysone playsin the normal biology of termites (and not in attempts to controltermites), reported that injection of ecdysone alone or in combinationwith JH induced a normal pseudogate molting of the lower termites,Kalotermes flavicollis. Since their studies, there has been no knowninvestigation of the effects of ecdysone in or on termites.

Synthetic versions of ecdysteroids have been used to control some insectpests of agricultural importance, but not termites. These analogstypically mimic the activity of 20E to cause premature molting (Wing etal. 1988). Toward the end of the molting under normal condition, 20E isdegraded and excreted, thus allowing the eclosion hormone to completethe process (Nation 2002). The analogs, however, are more stable than20E and are not easily degraded or excreted (Wing et al. 1998).Consequently, their continuing presence in insect hemolymph interfereswith complete molting and causes hyperecdysonism (premature moltingwithout a successful termination). Hence, these analogs can be referredto as ecdysteroid agonists (Dhadialla et al. 1998).

U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,123,756 and 6,248,159 relate to wood preservative forprotecting wood against dry-wood-destroying insects, such as the houselonghom (Hylotrupes bajulus), woodworm (Anobium punctatum), and barkbeetle (Lyctus brunneus). Those patents relate to lumber (not insectbait) treated with a combination of a juvenile hormone and an ecdysoneagonist. Subterranean termites are different from drywood termites, arenot dry-wood-destroying insects, and are not mentioned or suggested inthose patents. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,027,546, which describes asystem intended for use on above ground termites, i.e. drywood termites,by freezing them with liquid nitrogen.

Positive results were obtained when the ecdysteroid agonist RH-5849 wastested against some insect species (Darvas et al. 1992), but limitedinformation is available regarding potential effects of ecdysteroidagonists against termites. Raina et al. (2003) reported that one suchagonist, halofenozide, may impact the reproductive physiology of alatenymphs of C. formosanus. However, for use in baits to eliminate asubterranean termite colony, the active ingredient in the bait has to belethal to the worker caste, which makes up the majority of the colonypopulation. Alate nymphs, which make up only a small portion of acolony, eventually leave the nest to start a new colony somewhere else.However, they do not forage like workers. Thus, eliminating the young,alate nymphs would not impact the overall colony population and itsdamaging potential.

Halofenozide is one of several molt-accelerating compounds (MACs) ownedby Dow AgroSciences. Halofenozide has activity on Lepidoptera and someColeoptera species. In the urban pest management business, halofenozideis currently registered under the trade name MACH 2™ in the UnitedStates for control of white grub and surface feeding Lepidoptera inresidential and commercial lawns and golf courses.

There have been some limited reports of testing of halofenozide againsttermites. For example, an abstract from the Florida EntomologicalSociety 2002 Annual Meeting (Monteagudo & Su [2002]), related topreliminary results of a choice test conducted to examine preference,deterrence, and lethality of the insect growth regulator baithalofenozide on workers of the eastern subterranean termites(Reticulitermes flavipes). The corresponding “ten-minute paper” statedthat halofenozide was evaluated in a choice test for its potential as abait toxicant against the eastern subterranean termite. Feeding blockscomposed of wood slices were vacuum-impregnated with halofenozide atvarious concentrations, with feeding deterrence occurring atconcentrations greater than 4,000 ppm. There was also a USDA inhousememo that mentioned RH-0345 (a.k.a. halofenozide) as having asignificant effect on ovarian development in alates and nymphs of C.formosanus. However, the effect, at low doses used in the test, wastemporary. That memo also discussed the use of a juvenile hormone analogto induce the formation of mutant soldiers. The USDA termite program inNew Orleans has also examined halofenozide for potential ovicidaleffects in C. formosanus and presented results in 10-minute oralpresentation at the 2001 meeting of the Entomological Society of America(paper 0269).

There have been no known reports regarding testing ecdysteroids oranalogs thereof, other than halofenozide, for termite control.Furthermore, there are no known tests regarding the combination of theCSI+MAC (or ecdysteroids) classes of chemistry against insects,including termites.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The subject invention relates in part to controlling termites by the useof a chitin synthesis inhibitor (CSI), such as hexaflumuron and/ornoviflumuron, and an ecdysteroid (and analogs thereof) or amolt-accelerating compound (MAC), such as halofenozide. The subjectinvention also relates to mixtures comprising these two activeingredients. The MAC/ecdysteroid analog induces a preliminary moltingevent in a termite worker, which then allows the CSI to disrupt the moltand cause mortality. The combination of these active ingredients,causing accelerated molting together with inhibition of chitinsynthesis, is surprisingly shown herein to enhance activity againsttermites, as compared to either group of compounds alone.

The subject invention relates in part to the oral administration ofecdysteroids and analogs thereof to foraging subterranean workertermites. After eating ecdysteroids of the subject invention, termiteswere induced to molting. However, they could not complete the moltingand eventually died. This is the first time that fatal effects ofecdysone against termites were demonstrated. Preferred ecdysteroids foruse according to the subject invention are ecdysone, analogs thereof,and 20-hydroxyecdysone, for example. When used with a CSI according tothe subject invention, the combination surprisingly provides faster (andmore complete) efficacy against termites than either insecticide groupalone.

The subject invention includes all combinations of any given MACinsecticide (such as halofenozide and/or tebufenozide) together with anygiven CSI for control of all termite species. The subject invention alsoincludes any of various types of formulations and delivery systems(e.g., baits, dusts, and liquid formulations).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1A shows the chemical structure of ecdysone. FIG. 1B shows itsactive hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone.

FIG. 2A shows the chemical structure of tebufenozide, an ecdysoneanalog. FIG. 2B shows the chemical structure of halofenozide.

FIG. 3 illustrates the effects of halofenozide and hexaflumuron oneastern subterranean termites.

FIG. 4 illustrates the effects of halofenozide and noviflumuron oneastern subterranean termites.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The subject invention relates in part to controlling termites by the useof a chitin synthesis inhibitor (CSI), such as hexaflumuron and/ornoviflumuron, and an ecdysteroid (and analogs thereof) or amolt-accelerating compound (MAC), such as halofenozide. The subjectinvention also relates to mixtures comprising these two activeingredients. The MAC/ecdysteroid analog induces a preliminary moltingevent in a termite worker, which then allows the CSI to disrupt the moltand cause mortality. The combination of these active ingredients,causing accelerated molting together with inhibition of chitinsynthesis, is surprisingly shown herein to enhance activity againsttermites, as compared to either group of compounds alone.

The subject invention includes all combinations of any given MACinsecticide (such as halofenozide and/or tebufenozide) together with anygiven CSI for control of all termite species. The subject invention alsoincludes any of various types of formulations and delivery systems(e.g., baits, dusts, and liquid formulations).

The subject invention also relates in part to the oral administration ofecdysteroids and analogs thereof for controlling subterranean termites.When exposed to (after eating or otherwise ingesting) ecdysteroids ofthe subject invention, termites were induced to molting. However, theycould not complete the molting and eventually died. This is the firstknown report of fatal effects of ecdysteroids against termites.

Compositions of the subject invention can also be used to cause otheradverse (but desirable) effects on the target termites, such ascessation of feeding and overt toxicity in affected termites. Inaddition, an effective amount of the ecdysteroid can be used to inducemolting; this is helpful when used to “synergize” or enhance the effectsof a CSI, as discussed herein. The subject invention provides excitingnew options for inhibiting termites (i.e., killing them and preferablythe entire colony, making them sick, preventing them from feeding onwooden structures, and the like).

Preferred ecdysteroids for use according to the subject invention areecdysone, analogs thereof, and 20-hydroxyecdysone (“20E” or“20E-ecdyson”; the by-product of ecdyson usually created insideinsects), for example. However, other ecdysteroids, in addition toecdysone and 20E, can be fed (and/or administered in food, provided inbaits, and the like) to termites according to the subject invention, asexplained in more detail below. When used with a CSI according to thesubject invention, the combination surprisingly provides faster (andmore complete) efficacy against termites than either insecticide groupalone.

It was quite surprising to find that ecdysone and other analogs thereofprovided excellent termite control. This discovery was completelyunexpected and surprising, especially noting prior studies whereinjection of ecdysone into termites simply caused successful moltingwithout any harmful effects. (Lüscher and Karson 1958; Lüscher 1960.)Thus, in some embodiments of the subject invention, the ecdysteroidcomponent can be used without the CSI component. Halofenozide, alsocalled RH-0345, is a coleopteran-specific variant of tebufenozide. Inembodiments where the ecdysteroid (or analog) is used without a CSI,halofenozide is excluded from such embodiments. With that noted, “moltaccelerating compounds” as used herein include natural and syntheticcompounds, ecdysteroids, analogs thereof, halofenozide, and all relatedinsecticides that are useful and functional for inducing acceleratedand/or premature molting in termites.

Summarizing some of the other results reported herein, a series oflaboratory trials were conducted to determine the survivorship andfeeding response of eastern subterranean termites (EST), Reticulitermesflavipes (Kollar) in oral ingestion choice tests with halofenozide.Tests were also conducted to evaluate the potential additive/synergisticeffects of halofenozide (at various concentrations) when combined withthe chitin synthesis inhibitors hexaflumuron or noviflumuron. Thecombination of halofenozide plus a CSI insecticide caused enhancedefficacy when compared to either type of insecticide alone. The impactof halofenozide appeared greater when combined with hexaflumuron,although a boost in speed of activity was also seen in combination withnoviflumuron. For 5000-ppm hexaflumuron, a concentration of 5000-ppmhalofenozide was needed to cause significant additive effects within 26days. Lower concentrations of halofenozide (2500-1250 ppm) enhanced5000-ppm noviflumuron within 14 days. A smaller-scale study on thetermite Amitermes wheeleri also showed that halofenozide can enhanceefficacy when combined with CSI insecticide.

Other examples of ecdysteroid analogs for use (or adaptable for use)according to the subject invention include tebufenozide, which is aninsecticide originally designed for controlling lepidopteran pests. Itdoes not affect natural populations of beneficial, predatory, andparasitic insects for the control of other insect pests. FIG. 2A showsthe chemical structure of tebufenozide, from the 1996 Farm ChemicalsHandbook. RH-5849 (1,2-dibenzoyl-l-tert-butylhydrazine) is abeetle-specific alternative to tebufenozide. Halofenozide, also calledRH-0345, is a coleopteran-specific variant of tebufenozide. Halofenozideis also a preferred MAC for use with a CSI according to the subjectinvention. FIG. 2B shows the chemical structure of halofenozide. Someother ecdysteroid agonists include methoxyfenozide and chromafenozide.Thus, the subject invention can include the use of tebufenozide,tebufenozide analogues, RH-5849, and chromafenozide. Another possibilityis methoxyfenozide or RH-2485.

It should be noted that while the term “MAC” is used throughout thisspecification, MACs can also be thought of as molt-inhibiting compounds.As described elsewhere herein, MACs can induce molting, but the moltingis not completed. Thus, the term “molt-inhibiting” is also appropriate.

The “second” active ingredient (the “first” AI being a MAC, anecdysteroid, or analog, of the subject invention) can preferablycomprise chemicals that interfere with the formation of exo-cuticle suchas the chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs). CSIs are known to interferewith the chitin synthesis procedure, but such procedure does not takeplace until insects produce ecdysone under a pre-determined, naturalbiological clock. Thus CSIs have to passively wait for the naturalmolting to take place. When synergistically used in combination withCSIs, ecdysteroids or ecdysteroid agonists can induce termites to molt(after oral ingestion) even where the termites ingest a sublethal dose(a dose that may not cause hyerpecdysonism but will initiate molting),and then the molting process is inhibited by a CSI. Examples ofpreferred second AIs, as mentioned above, are hexaflumuron,noviflumuron, diflubenzuron, flufenoxuron, chlorfluazuron, bistrifluron,azadirachtin, lufenuron, and other acryl ureas, which can be impregnatedor incorporated into cellulose material, for example, during theformulation of the toxicant-containing matrix.

The subject ecdysteroid or analog “AI” (active ingredient) can be usedin conjunction with other toxicants or AIs (a “third” AI, for example).The subject ecdysone-type AIs and other preferred A's are slow-acting,lethal at concentrations which do not repel target insects, and capableof being combined with the matrix as described above.

It is intended that pests directly contacting or ingesting the subjecttoxicants will not be killed immediately but will travel to and/orthrough their colony to recruit other nestmates to the toxicant, therebyresulting in the control of large numbers of colony members. It ispreferred that the pest die days, weeks, or even months afterencountering the toxicant of the subject invention.

Compounds for use according to the subject invention can be used in thebait matrix of SENTRICON-like station housings, above-ground stations,and hermetically sealed baits. The subject compounds can be fed toforaging subterranean termite workers and delivered by them to nestmatesof the same colony. (Unless specifically stated, when “termites” arereferred to herein generically, such reference is to subterraneantermites. Subterranean termites are different from drywood termites.)

Monitoring-baiting systems (like SENTRICON) and CSIs are relativelyrecent developments in subterranean termite control. Termite baitscontaining chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs), such as hexaflumuron ornoviflumuron, can advantageously be used to eliminate the vast colony ofsubterranean termites (Su 1994, Su 2003), which is an accomplishmentthat could not be achieved by use of traditional liquid insecticides.The active ingredient (AI) for a bait has to be non-repellent,slow-acting, and its lethal time has to be dose-independent so that theAI is distributed throughout the colony by termites before the onset ofdeath (Su and Scheffrahn 1998).

Although the slow-acting characteristic for CSIs against termites isdesirable for the complete distribution of the AI into the vast colonyfor its elimination, the lengthy time required for the hexaflumuronbaits to kill a colony could become its shortcoming on some occasions.The time period for such termite baits to eliminate a colony may bedivided into three segments: 1) time required for the discovery of baitstations by termites, 2) time required for termites to ingest lethaldose, and 3) time required for termites to begin molting (therebyallowing the ingested CSIs to interfere with successful molting, leadingto the death of the individual). The relatively more recent use ofnoviflumuron has shortened the 2^(nd) segment (the time required toingest a lethal dose). Noviflumuron is more lethal than hexaflumuron,and a smaller amount (and thus the time needed for ingesting lethaldoes) is required to reach the lethal dose. Because the effects of CSIsdo not take place until molting process begins, the 3^(rd) time segmentremains the same when CSIs are used.

In this invention, the hyperecdysonism of ecdysone and 20E against R.flavipes and C. formosanus is described for the first time. These twotermite species represent the most economically important genera oftermites in the world. According to the subject invention, ecdysteroidsand ecdysteroid agonists can be used in bait matrices to cause delayedlethality of termite workers, leading to the elimination of a colony.Use of ecdysteroids or these ecdysteroid agonists has an advantage overCSIs because ecdysteroids actively induce molting instead of passivelywaiting for termites to molt before the effects can take place. Thus,the subject invention advantageously (and surprisingly) removes (orreduces) the 3^(rd) segment of time required for termite colonyelimination. Ecdysteroids or the subject ecdysteroid agonists can bealso used synergistically in combination with CSIs in baits so thattermites that are exposed to a sublethal dose are induced to molt, yetthe molting process is inhibited by the CSI.

Certain ecdysone analogs, which are growth regulators, may be moreeffective against certain species of termites. Many insect growthregulators (IGRs) can also be species-specific. Thus, they can beselected and optimized for a given situation. Prior to the disclosure ofthe subject invention, ecdysteroids and analogs thereof, other thanhalofenozide, were not investigated for their ability to controltermites. However, in light of the disclosure of the subject invention,one will now consider ecdysteroids, such as ecdysone, analogs thereof,and byproducts thereof for use in termite control programs. In contrastto the state of the art prior to the subject invention, the fact thatthe natural hormones ecdysone and 20E showed positive results will nowlead those skilled in the art to believe and expect that other ecdysoneagonists, especially those having desirable structural characteristics,can now be used to advantageously control termites. In preferredembodiments, one can use ecdysone and 20E in baits to inducehyperecdysonism in foraging worker caste (and non-foraging bytrophallaxis) subterranean termites.

With the foregoing considered, examples of termite species that can betargeted (selectively) by use of the subject methods include Coptotermesformosanus, Reticulitermes flavipes, R. hesperus, R. virginicus, R.tibialis, and Heterotermes aureus, as well as termite species of thefamilies (and pest genera) Mastotermitidae (Mastotermes species),Hodotermididae (Anacanthotermes, Zooterinopsis species), Rhinotermitidae(Coptotermes, Heterotermes, Reticulitermes, Psammotermes,Prorhinotermes, Schedorhinotermes species), Kalotemiitidae(Glyptotermes, Neotermes, Cryptotermes, Incisitermes, Kalotermes,Marginitermes species), Serritermitidae, and Termitidae(Pericapritermes, Allodontermes, Microtermes, Odontotermes,Nasutitermes, Termes, Ainitermes, Globitermes, Microcerotermes species),Termopsidae (Hodotermopsis, Zooterinopsis species), and other pestspecies of termites. Preferably, methods of the subject invention areused to target subterranean termites.

The subject invention can be practiced in many ways. Some preferredapparatuses are described in WO 93/23998, U.S. Pat. No. 6,370,812, andU.S. Pat. No. 6,397,516. Some embodiments of the subject invention caninclude a housing that is designed to enclose a monitoring device and/ortoxicant-containing matrix. This housing is useful for protecting themonitoring device and/or toxicant-containing matrix from theenvironment. The monitoring device or matrix can be enclosed within thehousing in such a manner so they can be removed with minimal disruptionto the foraging termites. This housing is preferably made from adurable, non-biodegradable material. Preferably, once infested bytermites, the monitoring device can be gently removed from the soil orfrom the station housing (it is advantageous to utilize a stationhousing to minimize disruption to foraging tunnels). Upon removal of themonitoring device, a toxicant-containing matrix, comprising anecdysteroid or an analog thereof (and CSI if desired), can then beplaced in the station housing. The monitoring device and the toxicantmatrix preferably comprise cellulose.

Various materials can be used, if desired, to encase thetoxicant-containing matrix. This method for packaging thetoxicant-containing matrix can also be used to create “dose-packs” thatprecisely provide the appropriate amount of toxicant. “An effectiveamount” of the subject ecdysteroid toxicant can be administered that issufficient to kill, make sick, and/or prevent termite feeding of thestructure or area being protected. “An effective amount” alsodistinguishes over naturally occurring (relatively very low) levels ofthe ecdysone or analog thereof that might be found in nature. An“effective amount” for termite control can also distinguish over naturalor non-orally administered amounts of ecdysone that cause the normaltermite molting process.

Depending on the MAC and CSI used (or if a CSI is used) and on thetotality of circumstances for a given application, the ecdysteroid ofthe subject invention can be administered/made available to foragingworker termites (is present in the toxicant matrix) at a concentrationof less than 10,000 ppm, at or below 7,500 ppm, at or below 5,000 ppm,and at or below 1,000 ppm. Also preferred are concentrations of lessthat 4,000 ppm. With these sample “ceilings” in mind, sample “floors”can be determined and include any of the concentrations specificallyexemplified herein. For example, a preferred concentration range forembodiments using halofenozide (and depending on the CSI used) is2500-5000 ppm.

Again, there are a variety of methods and apparatuses that can beutilized to practice the subject invention. The precise methods andapparatuses can be selected for optimal control of a particular targetpest and environmental setting. Such applications would be apparent to aperson skilled in this art using the teachings provided herein. Forexample, for particularly “shy” species of termites, a toxicant of thesubject invention can be selected accordingly and used in thehermetically sealed baits described in WO 03/082000, US-2003-0177689-A1,and U.S. Pat. No. 6,857,223. Bait stations using the subject toxicantscan also be made more “attractive” to termites (generally and/orspecifically) by using the pheromones and semiochemicals andnon-cellulose polymer delivery devices of WO 03/092376 andUS-2003-0180343-A1. Electronic monitoring can also be employed in someembodiments of the subject invention. See e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,404,210;6,052,066; and 5,815,090.

The subject invention includes combinations and mixtures of one or moretypes of MACs/ecdysteroids (and analogs) together with combinations andmixtures of one or more types of CSIs (both hexaflumuron andnoviflumuron, for example). Furthermore, the two (or more) activeingredients (“AIs”) of the subject invention need not be co-administeredor provided at exactly the same time. The subject invention includessequential administration of at least one of the AIs followed by, in aneffective time period to allow for the enhanced action of the subjectinvention, administration of at least one of the other class of AIs. Forexample, the MAC could be provided first. At the desired time (forexample, when sufficient time has elapsed to allow molting to beinitiated), the CSI could then be provided. The CSI could also beprovided first (to allow for dispersement in the colony, for example).The MAC/ecdysteroid/ecdysteroid analog could then be provided (forexample, to initiate molting and to provide for enhanced kill/control ofthe termites). Factors such as timing and dosage can be optimized,according to the subject invention (for example, to effect control ofthe entire colony or colonies, to ensure adequate dispersal through thecolony, and the like.

All patents, patent applications, provisional applications, andpublications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by referencein their entirety to the extent they are not inconsistent with theexplicit teachings of this specification.

Following are examples that illustrate procedures for practicing theinvention. These examples should not be construed as limiting. Allpercentages are by weight and all solvent mixture proportions are byvolume unless otherwise noted.

EXAMPLE 1 Protocol for Deeding Ecdysone to Subterranean Termites andDetermining the Effects Thereof

Termites were collected from three colonies each of C. formosanus and R.flavipes and were held in the laboratory at 26±1° C. and 98±2% RH beforeuse. Technical grade ecdysone was dissolved in methanol to obtain 0.1,1, 10, 100 and 1,000-ppm solutions by serial dilution. Methanolsolutions (i.e., 0 ppm AI) were used as untreated controls. Eachconcentration solution (0.2 ml) was pipetted onto 55-mm-diameter WhatmanNo. 1 filter paper fitted into 5-cm-diameter glass Petri dishes andallowed to evaporate overnight.

This filter paper served as the cellulose food source for twenty-fivetermites, plus one soldier for R. flavipes or three soldiers for C.formosanus, which were introduced into each Petri dish after moisteningthe filter paper with 0.175 ml deionized water. For each species, twosubsamples each of three colonies were used per concentration for atotal of 72 experimental units. The bioassay units was held at 26±1° C.Observation was made daily for 12 days. Termites showing symptoms ofincomplete molting were counted, and dead termites were removed fromeach unit. Because affected termites did not recover, they were includedin mortality data. For each treatment and species combination, meanpercent termites showing symptoms of incomplete molting and mortalityamong concentrations at 12 day were arcsine-root transformed andsubjected to the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significant differences(α=0.05) among concentrations were separated using Fisher's leastsignificant difference (LSD) test (SAS Institute 1999).

EXAMPLE 2 Results of Feeding Ecdysone to Subterranean Termites

Symptoms of hyperecdysonism (incomplete molting) were evident for bothtermite species after exposure to ecdysone at 1,000 ppm (Table I). Afterapproximately 7 days of exposure, some termites exhibited the“jackknife” position due to the incomplete molting. The symptoms weresimilar to those exposed to the chitin synthesis inhibitor,hexaflumuron, as reported by Su & Scheffrahn (1993), or those observedfrom larval Coleopterans and Lepidoptera when treated with ecdysoneagonists, where death occurs after premature molts are initiated but notterminated (Dhadialla et al. 1998). This is the only second time suchincomplete molting symptom was recorded from termites (the first timebeing those caused by CSIs). With CSIs, termite molting was inhibitedafter ecdysone initiated the natural molting under a pre-set biologicalschedule. With the ecdysone exposure as described in this experiment,termites were artificially induced to premature molting without asuccessful termination. This is the reason why the symptoms ofincomplete molting appeared faster in ecdysone (7 days) than in CSIs(4-8 weeks). Significant mortalities at 12 day were recorded for bothtermite species exposed to ecdysone at >100 ppm (Table I), with a largeproportion of R. flavipes showing symptoms of hyperecdysonism.Surprisingly, 100% mortality was recorded from C. formosanus exposed to100-ppm ecdyson. C. formosanus is generally less responsive to IGRs thanR. flavipes, but with ecdyson, this appears to be the reverse.

TABLE I Percent termites exhibiting incomplete molting (±SE) andmortality (±SE) of R. flavipes and C. formosanus after 12-day exposureto ecdysone. Concentration % Incomplete Molting % Mortality (ppm) R.flavipes C. formosanus R. flavipes C. formosanus 0 0.00 ± 0.00a 0.00 ±0.00a 0.64 ± 0.64a 0.60 ± 0.60a 0.1 0.00 ± 0.00a 0.00 ± 0.00a 0.00 ±0.00a 1.79 ± 1.22a 1 0.00 ± 0.00a 0.00 ± 0.00a 0.00 ± 0.00a 1.19 ± 0.75a10 0.00 ± 0.00a 2.38 ± 2.38a 0.00 ± 0.00a 11.31 ± 6.55a  100 0.00 ±0.00a 8.33 ± 5.95a 60.26 ± 18.06b 100.00 ± 0.00b  1,000 21.80 ± 14.10b3.57 ± 2.26a 100.00 ± 0.00c  93.45 ± 6.55b  Means within a columnfollowed by the same letter are not significantly different (α = 0.05;ANOVA [SAS Institute 1999]).

EXAMPLE 3 Protocol for Feeding 20-Hydroxyecdysone to SubterraneanTermites and Determining the Effects Thereof

20-hydroxyecdysone is an ecdysone byproduct. Technical grade20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) was dissolved and used in the same manners aswas ecdyonse, as discussed above in Example 1. The results are presentedin the following example.

EXAMPLE 4 Results of Feeding 20-Hydroxyecdysone to Subterranean Termites

Symptoms of hyperecdysonism were evident for both termite species afterexposure to 20E at 1,000 ppm (Table II). After approximately 7 days ofexposure, some termites exhibited the “jackknife” position due to theincomplete molting, as discussed above in Example 2. As with ecdysone,20E also caused incomplete molting at a faster rate than CSIs.

Significant mortality was recorded from R. flavipes exposed to >100 ppm20E, with 100% mortality for those exposed to 1,000 ppm (Table II). C.formosanus was less responsive to 20E than R. flavipes, showing ca. 75%mortality at 1,000 ppm. Nonetheless, results of ecdysone and 20E weremuch superior than that for halofenozide, which caused only 50%mortality for C. formosanus at 10,000 ppm when tested under similarcondition (Monteagudo and Su 2002).

TABLE II Percent termites exhibiting incomplete molting (±SE) andmortality (±SE) of R. flavipes and C. formosanus after 12-day exposureto 20-hydroxyecdysone. Concentration % Incomplete Molting % Mortality(ppm) R. flavipes C. formosanus R. flavipes C. formosanus 0 0.00 ± 0.00a0.00 ± 0.00a 1.28 ± 0.81a  0.60 ± 0.60a 0.1 0.00 ± 0.00a 0.00 ± 0.00a0.64 ± 0.64a  1.19 ± 0.75ab 1 0.00 ± 0.00a 0.00 ± 0.00a 0.00 ± 0.00a 10.12 ± 9.42bc 10 0.00 ± 0.00a 0.00 ± 0.00a 0.64 ± 0.64a   3.57 ±2.26abc 100  3.85 ± 1.40ab 2.38 ± 1.19a 76.19 ± 11.28b 11.90 ± 5.43c1,000 7.69 ± 3.29b 26.19 ± 6.09b  100.00 ± 0.00c  74.40 ± 3.62d Meanswithin a column followed by the same letter are not significantlydifferent (α = 0.05; ANOVA [SAS Institute 1999]).

EXAMPLE 5 Additive Effects of the MAC Insecticide Halofenozide whenCombined with Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors (Hexaflumuron andNoviflumuron) and Tested in Feeding Choice Tests with EasternSubterranean Termites (EST)

This Example summarize a series of laboratory trials that determined thesurvivorship, and feeding response of eastern subterranean termites(EST), Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) in oral ingestion choice testswith halofenozide. Tests were also conducted to evaluate the potentialadditive/synergistic effects of halofenozide (at various concentrations)when combined with the chitin synthesis inhibitors hexaflumuron ornoviflumuron.

Test #1. Choice Feeding Bait Test, Halofenozide +Hexaflumuron. A pairedchoice feeding test was conducted to compare feeding response andresultant mortality caused by various combinations of technical gradehalofenozide and hexaflumuron treated on filter paper (acetone carrier).The test apparatus consisted of two round plastic containers connectedby a 7-cm long piece of 2.5-mm diameter (ID) tygon tubing. A knownnumber of termite workers were introduced into a central harboragechamber (5.5 cm round container with ventilated lid) containing avermiculite/sand/water mixture of ca. 1:1:1. The central harboragechamber was connected by the tygon tubing to the bait foraging chamber(without sand/vermiculite matrix) containing the paired feeding choices.

ESTs were given the choice to feed between untreated blocks of southernyellow pine (SYP) and treated filter paper. Halofenozide was testedindividually at concentrations of 1250, 2500, and 5000 ppm. Hexaflumuronwas tested at 5000 ppm, and also combined with each of theaforementioned concentrations of halofenozide. For comparative purposes,technical grade noviflumuron were also tested at 5000 ppm. After twelvedays, all treatments were removed, oven-dried, and weighed forconsumption. Filter paper was placed in all bioassay units that wereheld for fourteen more days. Surviving termites were then counted ineach replicate. Thus, survival was counted at 26 days after initialexposure to the toxicant. Each treatment was replicated four times with50 termites per replicate.

EST showed either significantly positive or neutral feeding response toall treatments on filter paper (FP) (Table III). As single treatments,5000-ppm noviflumuron caused significantly greater efficacy than5000-ppm halofenozide or 5000-ppm hexaflumuron after 26 days, while5000-ppm halofenozide was significantly more efficacious than 5000 ppmhexaflumuron. The combination of 5000 ppm halofenozide +5000 ppmhexaflumuron caused a significantly lower level of survivorship whencompared to either treatment alone. Moreover, the combination ofhalofenozide +hexaflumuron was significantly equal to the level ofefficacy provided by 5000 ppm noviflumuron. Note that combining 5000 ppmhexaflumuron with lower concentrations of halofenozide did not causesignificantly enhanced efficacy over 5000 ppm hexaflumuron alone. SeeFIG. 3, which graphically illustrates data from Table III.

TABLE III Hexaflumuron + Halofenozide Test: Comparative Consumption andResultant Survivorship of EST in Choice Tests Between Untreated SYP andTreated FP. mg consumed No. Survivors/50 after 12 days after 26 days %Choice^(a) (Mean ± SEM)^(b) (Mean ± SEM)^(c) Surviving Acetone Control24.67 ± 4.52 a 41.00 ± 4.49 ab 82.0 FP vs. SYP  8.98 ± 3.25 bNoviflumuron FP 16.17 ± 3.64 a 5.00 ± 3.72 e 10.0 (5000) vs. SYP  1.77 ±1.71 b Hexaflumuron FP 21.20 ± 2.06 a  32.5 ± 5.48 bc 65.0 (5000) vs.SYP  9.28 ± 3.55 b Halofenozide FP  9.33 ± 1.41 a 23.25 ± 7.88 d  46.5(5000) vs. SYP 14.97 ± 3.85 a Halofenozide FP 18.70 ± 4.32 a 33.75 ±6.56 bc 67.5 (2500) vs. SYP  7.92 ± 2.13 a Halofenozide FP 16.05 ± 3.39a 45.00 ± 2.04 a  90.0 (1250) vs. SYP  9.49 ± 2.57 a Hex (5000) + 13.92± 1.53 a 11.25 ± 3.75 e  22.5 Halo FP (5000)  6.45 ± 2.20 b vs. SYP Hex(5000) + 13.06 ± 2.58 a 26.25 ± 2.56 cd 52.5 Halo FP (2500) 13.27 ± 2.43b vs. SYP Hex (5000) + 21.53 ± 5.32 a 27.25 ± 6.65 cd 54.5 Halo FP(1250)  5.97 ± 3.44 a vs. SYP ^(a)Each choice test replicated four times(50 termites/rep) ^(b)Within each choice test, pairs followed by thesame letter are not significantly different (LSD; p > 0.10) ^(c)Meansfollowed by the same letter are not significantly different (LSD; p >0.10)

Test #2. Choice Feeding Bait Test, Halofenozide +Noviflumuron. Astandard paired choice feeding test using the same methods described inTest #1 was conducted to compare feeding response and resultantmortality caused by various combinations of technical grade halofenozideand noviflumuron treated on filter paper (acetone carrier). EST weregiven the choice to feed between untreated blocks of southern yellowpine (SYP) and treated filter paper. Halofenozide and noviflumuron weretested individually at concentrations of 5000 ppm. Five thousand ppm(5000-ppm) noviflumuron was also tested in combination with 1250, 2500,or 5000 ppm halofenozide. After fourteen days, all treatments wereremoved, oven-dried, and weighed for consumption. Because of the rapidactivity of noviflumuron, surviving termites were also counted in eachreplicate after only 14 days of feeding. Each treatment was replicatedfour times with 50 termites per replicate.

Similar to results in Test #1, there was no significant repellency notedfor any treatment, although there was numerically less acceptance of FPwith 5000-ppm halofenozide (Table IV). After only fourteen days, 5000ppm noviflumuron had already provided highly significant efficacy (only27% survivorship). The single treatment of 5000-ppm halofenozide wasalso causing significant impact on survivorship after 27 days. However,the addition of halofenozide to noviflumuron appeared to boost speed ofactivity even further, especially when the two lowest concentrations ofhalofenozide were added. This can also be seen graphically in FIG. 4.The most effective combination was 5000 ppm noviflumuron +2500 ppmhalofenozide, which caused significantly greater efficacy than either5000 ppm of noviflumuron or halofenozide tested alone.

TABLE IV Noviflumuron + Halofenozide Test: Comparative Consumption andResultant Survivorship of EST in Choice Tests Between Untreated SYP andTreated FP. mg consumed No. Survivors/50 after 14 days after 14 days %Choice^(a) (Mean ± SEM)^(b) (Mean ± SEM)^(c) Surviving Acetone Control25.88 ± 3.70 a  43.75 ± 3.61 a  87.5 FP vs. SYP 5.15 ± 1.00 bNoviflumuron FP 14.58 ± 2.20 a  13.50 ± 3.52 bc 27.0 (5000) vs. SYP 2.58± 1.03 b Halofenozide FP 10.12 ± 1.48 a  22.25 ± 5.36 b  44.5 (5000) vs.SYP 8.35 ± 3.91 a Novi (5000) + 7.53 ± 1.14 a  8.50 ± 5.44 cd 17.0 HaloFP (5000) 8.56 ± 4.52 a vs. SYP Novi (5000) + 8.28 ± 2.45 a 3.00 ± 3.00d 6.0 Halo FP (2500) 4.94 ± 2.24 a vs. SYP Novi (5000) + 15.14 ± 2.20 a  4.75 ± 0.95 cd 9.5 Halo FP (1250) 1.63 ± 2.50 b vs. SYP ^(a)Each choicetest replicated four times (50 termites/rep) ^(b)Within each choicetest, pairs followed by the same letter are not significantly different(LSD; p > 0.10) ^(c)Means followed by the same letter are notsignificantly different (LSD; p > 0.10)

Summary. Results of these studies indicate that the combination ofhalofenozide plus a CSI insecticide can cause enhanced activity whencompared to either type of insecticide alone. The impact of halofenozideappeared greater when combined with hexaflumuron, although a boost inspeed of activity was also seen in combination with noviflumuron. For5000-ppm hexaflumuron, a concentration of 5000-ppm halofenozide wasneeded to cause significant additive effects within 26 days. Lowerconcentrations of halofenozide (2500-1250 ppm) enhanced 5000-ppmnoviflumuron within 14 days. While halofenozide might have a tendency tocause less acceptance of termite bait when compared to hexaflumuron ornoviflumuron alone, significant repellency was not observed for anyconcentration of halofenozide in this study.

EXAMPLE 6 Additive Effect of the MAC Insecticide Halofenozide whenCombined with Noviflumuron and Tested in Forced Feeding Tests withAmitermes wheeleri

This Example summarize a laboratory trial that determined thesurvivorship, and feeding response of Amitermes wheeleri in oralingestion choice tests with halofenozide, noviflumuron and combinationof the two active ingredients. Amitermes wheeleri is in the termitefamily (Termitidae), which is a different classification than theeastern subterranean termite (family Rhinotermitidae) shown in Example5.

A forced feeding test was conducted to compare mortality caused bydifferent active ingredients treated on purified cellulosic bait. Thetest apparatus was the same as that described in Example 5. Noviflumuronwas tested on the bait at 5000-ppm concentration, and also incombination with 5000-ppm Halofenozide. Blank bait was also tested.Surviving termites were also counted at 28 days after initial exposureto the toxicant. Noviflumuron reduced termite survivorship in half whencompared to the blank control. However, the combination of noviflumuronand halofenozide caused 100% kill, which again suggests thathalofenozide can enhance the speed of efficacy for CSI insecticides.

TABLE V Hexaflumuron + Halofenozide Test: Comparative Consumption andResultant Survivorship of Amitermes wheeleri in Forced Feeding BaitTests. No. Survivors/30 Treatment after 28 days % Surviving BlankCellulosic Bait 26 87 Cellulosic Bait with 5000 ppm 12 43 noviflumuronCellulosic Bait with 5000 ppm 0 0 noviflumuron + 5000 ppm halofenozide

REFERENCES

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1. A composition for controlling termites wherein said compositioncomprises a molt-accelerating compound and a chitin synthesis inhibitor.2. A method for protecting an area from termite damage wherein saidmethod comprises providing an ecdysteroid to termites for ingestion, andproviding a chitin synthesis inhibitor to said termites for ingestion.3. The method of claim 2 wherein said ecdysteroid is molt-acceleratingcompound.
 4. The composition of claim 1 wherein said molt-acceleratingcompound is an ecdysteroid.
 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein saidmolt-accelerating compound is an ecdysteroid analog.
 6. The method ofclaim 2 wherein said ecdysteroid is selected from ecdysone, ecdysoneanalogs, and 20-hydroxyecdysone.
 7. The composition of claim 1 whereinsaid molt-accelerating compound is halofenozide.
 8. The composition ofclaim 1 wherein said molt-accelerating compound is selected fromtebufenozide, RH-5849, chromafenozide, and methoxyfenozide (RH-2485). 9.The composition of claim 1 wherein said chitin synthesis inhibitor isselected from hexaflumuron, noviflumuron, diflubenzuron, azadirachtin,flufenoxuron, chlorfluazuron, bistrifluron, and lufenuron.
 10. Thecomposition of claim 1 wherein said composition is in a form selectedfrom a cellulosic bait, a dust, and a liquid formulation.
 11. Thecomposition of claim 1 wherein said composition is in a bait in adurable housing.
 12. The composition of claim 1 wherein said compositionis in a hermetically sealed bait.
 13. The method of claim 2 whereinecdysteroid and said chitin synthesis inhibitor are provided in a baitcomprising said ecdysteroid and said chitin synthesis inhibitor.
 14. Themethod of claim 2 wherein said ecdysteroid and said chitin synthesisinhibitor are provided sequentially.
 15. The method of claim 2 whereinsaid termites are selected from Reticulitermes flavipes and Coptotermesformosanus.
 16. The method of claim 2 wherein said ecdysteroid and saidchitin synthesis inhibitor are provided to a known infestation of saidtermites and said termites are of the family Termitidae.
 17. The methodof claim 2 wherein said area is a structure comprising wood.
 18. Themethod of claim 2 wherein said area is a forest.
 19. A method forcontrolling termites wherein said method comprises providing amolt-accelerating compound to termites for ingestion, wherein saidmolt-accelerating compound is other than halofenozide.
 20. The method ofclaim 19 wherein said molt-accelerating compound is an ecdysteroid. 21.The method of claim 19 wherein said molt-accelerating compound is anecdysteroid analog.
 22. The method of claim 19 wherein saidmolt-accelerating compound is selected from ecdysone, ecdysone analogs,and 20-hydroxyecdysone.